Qualitative Analysis Lab Essay

The purpose of the experiment is to identify every cation present in an unknown solution by performing specific chemical tests. Chemical tests such as adding specific chemicals to make precipitates, adding strong and highly concentrated acids and bases, centrifuging the precipitate from the supernate, and performing a flame test are carried out to determine the presence or absence of the ions in each group. Experimental Procedure: Separation of Group I Cations: Ten drops of the unknown solution C were placed into a small test tube. Four drops of 6 M HCl were added to the unknown solution. After being stirred, the yellowish unknown developed a white, cloudy precipitate. The solution was centrifuged and a white precipitate sunk to the bottom of the test tube. One drop of 6 M HCl was added to the solution making the clear yellow supernate cloudy, which showed that not all of the Group I ions precipitated. Two more centrifuges were performed until no more precipitate formed. The clear yellow supernate was decanted into a clean dry test tube. The yellowish white precipitate was rinsed with five drops of cold tap water and stirred. This solution was then centrifuged and added to the supernate in the other test tube. Fifteen drops of tap water were added to the washed precipitate and the test tube was placed in a hot-water bath. The solution was stirred in the water bath for one minute. The now clear purplish liquid was centrifuged and there was no precipitate formed which confirmed the absence of Ag+. Three drops of 1 M K2CrO4 were added to the purple supernate, and a thick, cloudy yellow precipitate formed confirming the presence of Pb2+. Separation of Group III Cations: Five drops of 2 M NH4Cl were added to the test tube containing the clear yellow supernate from group I. The solution was stirred. Then, seven drops of 15 M NH3 were added until the solution was basic and the litmus paper turned blue. The addition of NH3 caused a light-orange precipitate to form. The two additional drops of NH3 and the twenty drops of water created a reddish-brown precipitate and a clear supernate. The solution was stirred and centrifuged. The light blue supernate was decanted from the caramel brown precipitate. Twelve drops of 12 M HCl and five drops of 16 M HNO3 were added to the brown precipitate. The mixture was carefully stirred and turned into a clear yellow liquid. The test tube was heated in a hot-water bath for about forty-five seconds to dissolve any remaining precipitate. Ten drops of water were added to the solution and was centrifuged. There was no remaining precipitate, and the clear yellow supernate was divided into two separate test tubes. Two drops of 0.2 M KSCN were added to one of the test tubes containing the yellow supernate. The solution turned to a deep, blood-red which confirmed the presence of Fe3+. After fifty drops of 6 M NH3 were added to the second test tube of the yellow supernate, the solution remained acidic and it only caused the solution to turn a paler yellow. Five drops of 15 M NH3 were added to make the solution basic by turning the litmus paper blue. The addition of the 15 M NH3 also caused an orange precipitate to form in the solution. The solution was centrifuged and decanted into a separate test tube to remove the precipitate. Four drops of dimethylglyoxime reagent was added to the solution which was then stirred. The solution turned a deep pink with the formation of a pink precipitate which confirms the presence of Ni2+. Separation of Group IV Cations: Eight drops of 6 M CH3CO2H and one drop of 1 M K2CrO4 were added to the light blue supernate from the Group III procedure. The mixture was stirred and turned to a clear yellow color with no precipitate which confirms the absence of Ba2+. Four drops of 15 M NH3 were added to the yellow supernate from the previous step to make it basic and turn the litmus paper blue. The solution retained its yellow color with no precipitate. Seven drops of 0.1 m K2C2O4 were added which caused the formation of a small amount of white precipitate. The small amount of precipitate was dissolved in ten drops of 6 M HCl. A small sponge was used to soak up a small amount of solution. Using a Bunsen burner, the solution soaked sponge was placed into the top of the blue flame. The flame was initially orange and then had sporadic bursts of red flame which confirmed the presence of Ca2+. A small amount of the original unknown solution C is absorbed by a section of sponge. A flame test is performed using a Bunsen burner. The solution soaked sponge produced an orange-yellow flame; however, the yellow was not very prominent. The solution did contain Na+, but not in a substantially large amount. 2 mL of original unknown solution C and 2 mL of 6 M NaOH were combined in an evaporating dish. Litmus paper was wetted with water and placed on the bottom of a watch glass. The litmus paper watch glass was placed over the evaporating dish. The litmus paper without extra heating immediately turned blue which confirms the presence of basic NH4+. Results: Table for Unknown C Pb2+| Ag+| Fe3+| Ni2+| Ba2+| Ca2+| NH4+| Na+| Yes| No| Yes | Yes| No| Yes| Yes| Yes| Discussion: The lead ion was found by making a supernate from water and the precipitate formed by mixing the unknown solution and 6 M HCl and decanting out the supernate. The unknown solution and HCl were added to a test tube and centrifuged to separate the precipitate from the supernate. The supernate was then decanted from the precipitate. Water was added to the precipitate and put into a hot-water bath. There was no precipitate formed after the solution was heated and centrifuged which confirmed the absence of the silver ion. The addition of K2CrO4 caused a yellow precipitate to form in the supernate. The formation of the yellow cloudy precipitate confirmed the presence of the lead ion. The iron ion was found by taking the supernate from group I and making a precipitate by mixing it with 2 M NH4Cl and 15 M NH3. The precipitate was mixed with 12 M HCl and 16 M HNO3 and heated in a hot water bath until the precipitate was completely dissolved. The supernate was then divided equally into two test tubes. One of the samples was combined with 0.2 M KSCN to form a blood-red precipitate which confirmed the presence of the iron ion. The second supernate sample was used in confirming the presence of nickel. 6 M NH3 was added to the supernate, but 15 M NH3 had to be used to make the solution basic. After centrifuging and decanting out the precipitate formed, the dimethylglyoxime reagent was added to the supernate and created a deep pink precipitate that confirmed the presence of nickel. The supernate from the group III sample was mixed with 6 M CH3CO2H and 1 M K2CrO4. There was no precipitate that formed which confirmed the absence of the barium ion. The calcium ion was found by using the supernate from the previous test and adding 15 M NH3 until the solution was basic. The precipitate was then centrifuged out and discarded. The addition of 0.1 M K2C2O4 created a small amount of white precipitate that suggested the presence of the calcium ion, but a flame test was conducted to confirm the presence of calcium. The expected red-orange flame produced by a solution soaked sponge confirmed the presence of calcium in the unknown solution. Ammonium ions were found by combining the original unknown solution and 6 M NaOH in an evaporating dish and testing if the fumes were basic. Moist litmus paper was stuck to the bottom of a watch glass which was then placed over the top of the evaporating dish. The litmus paper immediately turning blue proves the existence of ammonium ions. The sodium ion was found by performing a flame test on the original unknown solution. The original solution was added to a sponge which was put into a flame which showed a yellow-orange flame which shows the presence of sodium ions, but the intensity of the yellow did not suggest that there was a significant amount of sodium. The flame tests seem to be not as accurate since the sponge alone would burn an orange flame. Attention to the small bursts of reds and yellows in the dominate orange flame had to be highly focused since it was one of the only indications of which ions were present in the unknown solution. Conclusion: Through the formation of precipitates and supernates, the additions of acids and bases, the additions of highly concentrated solutions, and flame tests specific ions were separated out in order to determine the characteristics of the unknown solution. Unknown solution C was found in conclusion to the experiment to contain the cations lead, iron, nickel, calcium, ammonium, and sodium.

Caffeine C and E

What Do I Get From My Morning Coffee Some people are morning people, but I am not one of those people. Every morning it seems as if I am in a fog until that warm cup of coffee touches my lips. Similar to a drug habit, the more a person drinks coffee, the more it seems like that person cant function without it. But what are you really getting from your coffee? Along with other factors, coffee can have both positive and negative effects on your health. Coffee improves the bodys tolerance to glucose by increasing metabolism or mproving its tolerance to insulin.People who drink four cups of caffeinated coffee each day had shown to be 56 percent less likely to develop diabetes than were non- drinkers. Diabetes is the most common risk factor of liver cancer, so American adults may have something to celebrate as they sip their morning cup. A study of one hundred twenty-four older adults, ages sixty-five to eighty-eight, with mild cognitive impairment found that caffeine and coffee intake wa s associated with a reduced risk f developing Dementia and early onset Alzheimer's.Coffee is known to be problematic for acid reflux and heartburn. Acid reflux and heartburn can be caused by coffee due to the way it relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (muscle that closes the airway). This small muscle should remain tightly closed to prevent the contents of your stomach from coming back up into the esophagus and burning its lining with hydrochloric acid. Drinking a lot of coffee will promote the release of the stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine.These hemicals increase your bodys heart rate, blood pressure and tension levels – the old fight or flight' response. All of this depends on how much coffee and caffeine your body can handle at one time. Although your shoe size isn't a factor that affects coffee, there are a number of other things that do, these include: your age, gender, how long you have drinkin coffee, and what kind of coffee you drink. Some studies show tha t drinking decaffeinated coffee does not have the same effects of drinking regular coffee. So it might Just be time to switch that morning cup.

Michigan Liquor Control Commission Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michigan Liquor Control Commission - Case Study Example . They can even decrease the transportation cost by directly supplying the goods to the retail outlets thus decreasing the number of state based stores. But downsizing may experience confrontation from the end of the labor unions as several workers will end up losing their jobs. The commission can even look at privatization as an option thus resulting in the decrease of the involvement of the state in the liquor industry. There are fewer chances that the state would take this option due to the heavy revenue earned from this sector. The money earned in revenue from liquor distribution and from the taxes applied on them is used for other welfare programs operated by the state. The state can invest in instituting proper information systems in order to identify issues in logistics and in order to meet customer demand in a better way. This implementation can be supported with increased supply of information between the retailers and the suppliers and thus will lead to better management of inventory and will lead to heavy reduction in cost. The state can even conduct bargaining with the suppliers as well as the retailers and distillers. Distillers store the supplied liquor and transfer it at higher prices to the sate stores and then the stores sell it at a much higher price. Thus the state can invest in MIS system to reduce the quantity of inventory managed by the distillers and negotiate with the state stores to charge lower markup in order to increase sales and can decrease the number of licenses it is issuing to retailers. 2. The best option available to the state for distilled liquor distribution is investment in proper management information system. A proper MIS system will increase the efficiency of distribution. This system will even decrease the quantity of liquor that is stored by distillers. A proper supply chain backed by management information system will report to the state about the needs of the consumers. Thus the amount of liquor supplied will be in c ompliance with consumer needs and extra storage cost will decline. The distillers will not have to store unpurified liquor for a longer period of time, thus they will charge lower storage cost. Decrease in storage cost will result in decline in the amount at which state stores obtain distilled liquor and thus they will sell it at lower prices to the retailers and the end customers will be able to obtain it at a much lower price. The problem with this issue is the implementation of change which may not be preferred by those who are inexperienced and do not have the proper training to work with the new change. Another cost will be the high cost of implementing a MIS system. The state cannot privatize the distribution of liquor as it will result in loss of heavy revenue. During the period of 1992 and 1993, the state earned total revenue of over $515 million through distribution of liquor (Bowersox, 1996, p.458). Secondly, privatization will result in reduction in cost of operations as private ownership will aim at gaining higher profits and thus they may close several second tier stores which will result in loss of jobs and this will not be liked by the unions such as the UAW and they might take up strike as an option, thus resulting in complete stoppage of the operations. 3. Several considerations might be of great amount of importance and are needed to be taken into consideration while making any changes. Previously the state had adopted prohibition policy in order to restrict the activity of bootlegging but still bootlegging continued to operate in the region of Michigan. The state realized that prohibition was not a good idea and they took the industry under their own control and ended up earning heavy amount of revenue and the heavy revenue it earned due to its

Principles of Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Principles of Microeconomics - Essay Example Various distinctive skills brought by the partners can be availed which assist in advancing the progressions of the business. Further, the numerous responsibilities of the business can be efficiently carried out by distributing them among partners. (Hobday I.) Apart from numerous benefits there are some disadvantages faced by the partners. In this type of organization the partners do not possess limited liability and are therefore liable for to repay debts owed by the business. Most importantly, the profits generated are to be shared among the partners, leading to minimized profits per partner. Additionally, disagreements are likely to occur in the business due to the existence of different decisions taken by all partners. Significantly, the life of partnership depends upon the life of its owners. This means that the retirement or death of any one of the partners results in the partnership being ended. The type of management is decentralized of this business which is ensures that the business is not maintained after it is sold off. (Alfred M., 1920) Corporation has numerous pros and cons. The most vital advantage of it is the limited liability enjoyed by the stockholders as the stockholders are a separate legal unit from the corporation which protects them from the liabilities and debts of the business. Additionally, the life of the corporation is independent of the life of its owners. Consequently, the business will keep on working even if any of its owners die or are retired. Moreover, in this type of business the retirement and insurance plans are easy to establish. In addition to this, it is very easy to raise large sums of capital for this type of business by selling stocks. This business involves centralized management which ensures that the business is maintained even after it is sold off. Further, the ownership of this type of organization is convenient and easy to either sell or transfer by selling or transferring stocks. (Alfred M., 1920) On the contr ary, the significant disadvantage of corporation is the probability of taxes being charged twice. This means that the profits generated in a corporation are firstly taxed as income of the corporation and then secondly as income of the shareholder. The formation of corporation is very expensive and complex as several legal formalities are involved in the establishment of a corporation. (Alfred M., 1920) b. The three figure that with Moe's management experience, Larry's salesmanship and Curly's vast fortune, they have the makings for a successful business. Moe and Larry would run the day to day operations and manage the business, while Curly would supply the capital and stay out of management. Further, Curly wants to limit his personal liability to the amount he will invest in the company and does not really care what the tax consequences are. Based on these facts, which form of organization would be best for these guys and why? Ans: The best type of business organization for these gu ys can be limited partnership. This is due to the fact that Curly wishes to enjoy limited liability therefore, being limited partner he can invest large sums of capital into the business and thus protecting himself from paying debts of the business. While the other two partners, Moe and Larry being ordinary partners will invest in the business but will be liable to repay any debts owed by the business. Along with this they will be

Press Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Press Release - Essay Example A prototype design was worked out on Linux, and evaluation so far shoes great potential. Traces can help detect intrusions, as well as check how bad the damage was. It was also narrow down on a certain suspected user, file, or program. Traces can also put the file system back to where it was prior to the security intrusion. Also, traces can help debug other systems. You can use one to locate bugs and other possible points of problems. A tracing file can easily be piled on top of other programs, without any modifications made to the file system or the operation system. The team also wanted to make sure the performance of the system was up to snuff, and used buffering to balance out the performance issues that might have arisen. Convenience, security, privacy, and portability were other issues the team made sure to keep on the top of their priority list. The implications of this system can be used in several different areas. It can be implemented into system cell based filtering Using Tracefs, the group was able to filter based on the system call number, as well as being able to record the system call number for each.

The Nature of Investment in Information Infrastructure Essay

The Nature of Investment in Information Infrastructure - Essay Example However, the degree of success in implementing and investing in IT depends on how the fit between the Technology side and the business side of the overall strategy of the organization. However, this alignment of the IT with the business strategy can be accomplished through the use various IT strategic alignment models. This case analysis will use the Scott Morton Alignment model which is considered as more simple yet powerful model by allowing the use of IT as a strategic driver of change. The use of this model will allow us to view the Metalco from the perspective of strategy, structure, management processes, technology and roles and skills and how they fit into the overall strategy of the organization. The proposed SAP Project will cost Metalco around $23.500 millions with tangible savings in labor cost of 10 million dollars over the period of 5 years with increasing margins to the tune of $ 5 million over the period of 5 years. However, the major benefit of this proposed project wills easy manageability of the operational activities of the traditional systems at the Metalco is more directed at generating the reports rather than managing the operational activities. Metalco is one of the largest enterprises in Australia having a very rich and old history. Established in 1933, Metalco is engaged in the production of low value-added mineral products. The main activities of the organization are discovery, development, production as well as processing minerals including petroleum. Metalco has an asset of AUD 6.00 Billion whereas the revenue figures achieved in 1995 was well over. A complete description of the corporate history, as well as the corporate structure, can be found in exhibit A. Metalco has largely remained a very conservatively operated company with little or no focus on aligning the various independent information.

Marketing Mix Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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